I guess that’s a different type of study, though – it’s looking at behaviour in a very specific case, and answering the question “can x happen?” I think the type of study we’re talking about here is one that seeks “statistical significance”.
Yes. And to determine how significant your result is, you need to be able to model the probability distribution that underlies it. Mick made a simulation that assumes all male rats have basically the same chance to get cancer. What if that is not true? Is our average chance still correct then? If you have looked up my first quote in the book you linked ... Read even more
